Chandrayaan-3: All set, for touchdown and history

Chandrayaan 3: Landing Time: India is at the height of its scripting history, as ISRO Chandrayaan-3’s Lander Module (LM)’s ambitious Third Moon mission prepares to touch down on the lunar surface on Wednesday night, leaving the country only is the fourth country to do so and the first to do so. to the unexplored south pole of Earth’s only natural satellite. The LM includes the lander (Vikram) and probe (Pragyan), which is expected to touch down near the Moon’s south pole at 6:04 p.m. Wednesday.

“The mission is progressing on schedule. Systems are being tested regularly. The smooth sailing continues. The Mission Operations Complex (MOX) is full of energy and excitement!” ISRO said Tuesday, also sharing images of the moon captured by cameras on the lander. If the Chandrayaan-3 mission succeeds in landing on the moon and landing the rover robot on the moon in ISRO’s second attempt in four years, India will become the fourth country to master soft landing technology. on the lunar surface after the US, China and the first Soviet Union.

Chandrayaan-3 is the follow-up to Chandrayaan-2, and its goal is to demonstrate safe and soft landings on the lunar surface, lunar rovers, and in situ science experiments. Chandrayaan-2 failed in lunar phase when its lander ‘Vikram’ crashed into the Moon’s surface minutes before touching down due to an anomaly in the lander’s brakes while attempting to land on Earth. September 7, 2019. Chandrayaan’s first mission was in 2008. The Rs 600 crore Chandrayaan-3 mission was launched on 14 July on a Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM-3) rocket, for a 41-day journey near the moon’s south pole.

The soft landing is being made a few days after the Russian Luna-25 spacecraft plunged to the Moon after losing control. After the second and final deceleration operation on August 20, LM is now placed in a 25 km x 134 km orbit around the Moon. ISRO says the module will undergo internal inspection and wait for sunrise at the designated landing site, adding that the power landing process – to achieve the ability to land soft wing on the Moon’s surface – is expected to begin around 5:45 p.m. Wednesday.

ISRO’s Center for Space Applications Director, Nilesh Desai, said: “If any health parameters (of the lander module) are detected anomaly on August 23, then we will delayed the landing by four days to 27 August”. The crucial soft landing process has been dubbed the “17 minutes of terror” by many, including ISRO officials, with the entire process taking place autonomously as the lander had to start up at the right time. point and altitude, using the right amount of fuel. and scan the moon’s surface for obstacles, hills or craters before touching down.

After checking all the parameters and deciding to land, ISRO will upload all necessary commands from the recent Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu to the LM, a few hours before the scheduled landing time. submit. According to ISRO officials, to land, at an altitude of about 30 km, the lander entered the stage of power braking and began to use the four thrusters by “shooting back” them to reach the lunar surface. , by gradually reducing the speed. This is to ensure the lander doesn’t crash as the Moon’s gravity will also act.
They note that when reaching an altitude of about 6.8 km, only two engines will be used, turning off the other two, in order to create reverse thrust for the lander as it descends further, when reaching altitude. about 150 At a distance of 100 meters, the lander uses sensors and cameras to scan the surface to check for any obstacles, then start descending for a gentle landing.

ISRO President S Somanath recently said the most important part of the landing will be the deceleration of the lander from 30 km to its final landing and the ability to reorient the spacecraft from horizontal to vertical. “This is the trick we have to play here,” he said. The head of ISRO said that instead of designing based on the success of Chandrayaan-2, the space agency chose to design based on the failure of Chandrayaan-3, focusing on what could fail and how to preserve it. defend it and ensure a successful landing.

After a gentle landing, the probe will land from the lander’s belly to the surface of the Moon using one of its side plates, which will act as a ramp. Upon landing, the lander may face a lunar dust challenge due to engine operation on board near the lunar surface. The lander and rover will have a mission period of one lunar day (about 14 earth days) to study its surroundings. However, ISRO officials do not rule out the possibility that they will come back to life on another lunar day.

The lander is capable of soft landing at a specific location on the moon and deploying rovers to perform on-site chemical analysis on the lunar surface during the move. Both have scientific payloads for performing experiments on the lunar surface. The moon’s polar regions have very different topography due to the environment and the difficulties they cause, and thus remain unexplored. All previous spacecraft that have reached the Moon have landed in the equator, a few degrees north or south latitude.

The Moon’s south polar region is also being explored because of the likely presence of water in permanently obscured areas around it. The payload LM includes RAMBHA-LP to measure the plasma ion and electron density near the surface and its changes, ChaSTE Chandra’s Surface Thermal Physics Experiment — to perform measurements of the thermal properties of lunar surface near the poles– and ILSA (Lunar Seismic Activity Instrument) to measure seismic vibrations around the landing site and sketch the structure of the lunar crust and mantle.

The rover, after a soft landing, will descend to the lander module and study the moon’s surface via the APXS payload – Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer – to determine the chemical composition and mineral composition to further improve understanding of the Moon’s Surface. Prior to the scheduled moon landing, Chandrayaan-3’s LM established two-way communication with Chandrayaan-2’s orbiter, which continued to orbit the Moon, providing ground controllers with more channels to contact it.
Chandrayaan-3’s LM successfully separated from the Propulsion Module (PM) on August 17, which is 35 days after the satellite was launched on July 14.

Meanwhile, the Prime Minister, whose main function is to transport LM from launch vehicle injection to lander separation orbit, will continue its journey on current orbit for many months/years, the space agency said. pillar said. In addition, the Prime Minister has a scientific payload as an added value. Loading SHAPE (spectral polarization of habitable planets on Earth) on it, future discoveries of smaller planets in reflected light will allow us to probe a wide variety of planets. Exo planets have the conditions to be habitable (or to have the presence of life).

After launching on July 14, Chandrayaan-3 entered lunar orbit on August 5, after which orbital reduction operations were performed on the satellite on June 6, 9, 14 and 16. 8, before splitting both of its modules on August 17.

Before that, more than 5 times in the 3 weeks since the launch on July 14, ISRO sent the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit farther and farther from Earth. Then, on August 1, in a crucial maneuver – slingshot travel – the spacecraft was successfully launched to the Moon from Earth orbit. After this trans-moon injection, the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft broke out of Earth’s orbit and began to follow a path that would bring it to the vicinity of the moon.

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